- Typhoons frequently trigger interacting hazards, including river flooding, urban waterlogging, landslides, and storm surge, but disaster records compiled at the event or administrative-unit level limit systematic analysis of their spatial co-occurrence and environmental differentiation. Here, we developed a multiscale framework to quantify chain-specific disaster-forming-environment (DFE) sensitivity for four predefined typhoon disaster chains: typhoon–rainstorm–urban waterlogging (TRU), typhoon–rainstorm–flooding (TRF), typhoon–rainstorm–landslide (TRL), and typhoon–wind–storm surge (TWS). The results revealed a dual spatial pattern, with widespread landslide-related sensitivity in the mountainous interior and localized flood-, waterlogging-, and storm-surge-related sensitivity in coastal areas. TRL had the largest high-sensitivity area, covering 31.6% of Fujian Province, whereas TRU had the smallest spatial extent but was strongly concentrated in coastal urban districts. TRF and TRUTyphoons frequently trigger interacting hazards, including river flooding, urban waterlogging, landslides, and storm surge, but disaster records compiled at the event or administrative-unit level limit systematic analysis of their spatial co-occurrence and environmental differentiation. Here, we developed a multiscale framework to quantify chain-specific disaster-forming-environment (DFE) sensitivity for four predefined typhoon disaster chains: typhoon–rainstorm–urban waterlogging (TRU), typhoon–rainstorm–flooding (TRF), typhoon–rainstorm–landslide (TRL), and typhoon–wind–storm surge (TWS). The results revealed a dual spatial pattern, with widespread landslide-related sensitivity in the mountainous interior and localized flood-, waterlogging-, and storm-surge-related sensitivity in coastal areas. TRL had the largest high-sensitivity area, covering 31.6% of Fujian Province, whereas TRU had the smallest spatial extent but was strongly concentrated in coastal urban districts. TRF and TRU exhibited the strongest positive spatial dependence in urban areas (Kendall's τ = 0.834). Areas highly sensitive to at least one chain covered 42.0% of the province and comprised two broad patterns and nine specific types. Single-chain and compound types accounted for 93.1% and 6.9% of this area, respectively, and TRF + TWS was the most extensive compound type, representing 69.4% of the compound-type area. The spatial organization of these types was scale dependent: TRL became increasingly predominant from county to basin scales, indicating that broader-scale aggregation can obscure localized compound-type heterogeneity. Green-space proportion was the leading environmental discriminator for most flood- and coastal-related types, whereas elevation most strongly differentiated TRL. Types containing a TRU component were generally associated with greater impervious-surface coverage and less green space. These findings reveal contrasting inland and coastal patterns of typhoon disaster-chain sensitivity and provide a basis for multiscale hotspot identification and type-specific disaster-chain management.…
