Open Access

Akshay Prashant Agnihotri, Ines Doris Nagel, Jose Carlo M. Artiaga, Ma. Carmela B. Guevarra, George Michael N. Sosuan, Fritz Gerald P. Kalaw

• Purpose To review and evaluate the current literature on the application and impact of large language models (LLMs) in the field of ophthalmology, focusing on studies published in high-ranking ophthalmology journals. Design This is a retrospective review of published articles. Participants This study did not involve human participation. Methods Articles published in the first quartile (Q1) of ophthalmology journals on Scimago Journal & Country Rank discussing different LLMs up to June 7th, 2024, were reviewed, parsed, and analyzed. Main Outcome Measures All available articles were parsed and analyzed, which included the article and author characteristics and data regarding the LLM used and its applications, focusing on its use in medical education, clinical assistance, research, and patient education. Results There were 35 Q1-ranked journals identified, 19 of which contained articles discussing LLMs, with 101 articles eligible for review. One-third were originalPurpose To review and evaluate the current literature on the application and impact of large language models (LLMs) in the field of ophthalmology, focusing on studies published in high-ranking ophthalmology journals. Design This is a retrospective review of published articles. Participants This study did not involve human participation. Methods Articles published in the first quartile (Q1) of ophthalmology journals on Scimago Journal & Country Rank discussing different LLMs up to June 7th, 2024, were reviewed, parsed, and analyzed. Main Outcome Measures All available articles were parsed and analyzed, which included the article and author characteristics and data regarding the LLM used and its applications, focusing on its use in medical education, clinical assistance, research, and patient education. Results There were 35 Q1-ranked journals identified, 19 of which contained articles discussing LLMs, with 101 articles eligible for review. One-third were original investigations (32%, 32/101), with an average of 5.3 authors per article. The United States (50.4%, 51/101) was the most represented country, followed by the United Kingdom (25.7%, 26/101) and Canada (16.8%, 17/101). ChatGPT was the most used LLM among the studies, with different versions discussed and compared. LLM applications were discussed relevant to their implications in medical education, clinical assistance, research, and patient education. Conclusions The numerous publications on the use of LLM in ophthalmology can provide valuable insights for stakeholders and consumers of these applications. LLMs present significant opportunities for advancement in ophthalmology, particularly in team science, education, clinical assistance, and research. While LLMs show promise, they also show challenges such as performance inconsistencies, bias, and ethical concerns. The study emphasizes the need for ongoing AI improvement, ethical guidelines, and multidisciplinary collaboration.…