Open Access

Najla D. Al Futaisi, Björn W. Schuller, Fabien Ringeval, Maja Pantic

• Early detection is crucial for managing incurable disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Unfortunately, a considerable number of individuals with ASD receive a late diagnosis or remain undiagnosed. Speech holds a critical role in ASD, as a significant number of affected individuals experience speech impairments or remain non-verbal. To address this, we use speech analysis for automatic ASD recognition in children by classifying their speech as either autistic or typically developing. However, due to the lack of large labelled datasets, we leverage two smaller datasets to explore deep transfer learning methods. We investigate two fine-tuning approaches: (1) Discriminative Fine-Tuning (D-FT), which is pre-trained on a related dataset before being tuned on a similar task, and (2) Wav2Vec 2.0 Fine-Tuning (W2V2-FT), which leverages self-supervised speech representations pre-trained on a larger, unrelated dataset. We perform two distinct classification tasks: (a) a binaryEarly detection is crucial for managing incurable disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Unfortunately, a considerable number of individuals with ASD receive a late diagnosis or remain undiagnosed. Speech holds a critical role in ASD, as a significant number of affected individuals experience speech impairments or remain non-verbal. To address this, we use speech analysis for automatic ASD recognition in children by classifying their speech as either autistic or typically developing. However, due to the lack of large labelled datasets, we leverage two smaller datasets to explore deep transfer learning methods. We investigate two fine-tuning approaches: (1) Discriminative Fine-Tuning (D-FT), which is pre-trained on a related dataset before being tuned on a similar task, and (2) Wav2Vec 2.0 Fine-Tuning (W2V2-FT), which leverages self-supervised speech representations pre-trained on a larger, unrelated dataset. We perform two distinct classification tasks: (a) a binary task to determine typicality, classifying speech as either that of a typically developing (TD) child or an atypically developing (AD) child; and (b) a four-class diagnosis task, which further classifies atypical cases into ASD, dysphasia (DYS), or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (NOS), alongside TD. This research aims to improve early recognition strategies, particularly for individuals with ASD. The findings suggest that transfer learning methods can be a valuable tool for autism recognition from speech. For the typicality classification task (TD vs. AD), the D-FT model achieved the highest test UAR (94.8%), outperforming W2V2-FT (91.5%). In the diagnosis task (TD, ASD, DYS, NOS), D-FT also demonstrated superior performance (60.9% UAR) compared to W2V2-FT (54.3%). These results highlight the potential of transfer learning for speech-based ASD recognition and underscore the challenges of multi-class classification with limited labeled data.…