Open Access

Meng Wang, Rob Beelen, Massimo Stafoggia, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Barbara Hoffmann, Paul Fischer, Danny Houthuijs, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Gudrun Weinmayr, Paolo Vineis, Wei W. Xun, Konstantina Dimakopoulou, Evangelia Samoli, Tiina Laatikainen, Timo Lanki, Anu W. Turunen, Bente Oftedal, Per Schwarze, Geir Aamodt, Johanna Penell, Ulf De Faire, Michal Korek, Karin Leander, Göran Pershagen, Nancy L. Pedersen, Claes-Göran Östenson, Laura Fratiglioni, Kirsten Thorup Eriksen, Mette Sørensen, Anne Tjønneland, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Marloes Eeftens, Michiel L. Bots, Kees Meliefste, Ursula Krämer, Joachim Heinrich, Dorothea Sugiri, Timothy Key, Kees de Hoogh, Kathrin Wolf, Annette Peters, Josef Cyrys, Andrea Jaensch, Hans Concin, Gabriele Nagel, Ming-Yi Tsai, Harish Phuleria, Alex Ineichen, Nino Künzli, Nicole Probst-Hensch, Emmanuel Schaffner, Alice Vilier, Françoise Clavel-Chapelon, Christophe Declerq, Fulvio Ricceri, Carlotta Sacerdote, Alessandro Marcon, Claudia Galassi, Enrica Migliore, Andrea Ranzi, Giulia Cesaroni, Chiara Badaloni, Francesco Forastiere, Michail Katsoulis, Antonia Trichopoulou, Menno Keuken, Aleksandra Jedynska, Ingeborg M. Kooter, Jaakko Kukkonen, Ranjeet S. Sokhi, Bert Brunekreef, Klea Katsouyanni, Gerard Hoek

• Background Associations between long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality have been widely recognized. However, health effects of long-term exposure to constituents of PM on total CVD mortality have been explored in a single study only. Aims The aim of this study was to examine the association of PM composition with cardiovascular mortality. Methods We used data from 19 European ongoing cohorts within the framework of the ESCAPE (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects) and TRANSPHORM (Transport related Air Pollution and Health impacts — Integrated Methodologies for Assessing Particulate Matter) projects. Residential annual average exposure to elemental constituents within particle matter smaller than 2.5 and 10 μm (PM2.5 and PM10) was estimated using Land Use Regression models. Eight elements representing major sources were selected a priori (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium and zinc).Background Associations between long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality have been widely recognized. However, health effects of long-term exposure to constituents of PM on total CVD mortality have been explored in a single study only. Aims The aim of this study was to examine the association of PM composition with cardiovascular mortality. Methods We used data from 19 European ongoing cohorts within the framework of the ESCAPE (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects) and TRANSPHORM (Transport related Air Pollution and Health impacts — Integrated Methodologies for Assessing Particulate Matter) projects. Residential annual average exposure to elemental constituents within particle matter smaller than 2.5 and 10 μm (PM2.5 and PM10) was estimated using Land Use Regression models. Eight elements representing major sources were selected a priori (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium and zinc). Cohort-specific analyses were conducted using Cox proportional hazards models with a standardized protocol. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate combined effect estimates. Results The total population consisted of 322,291 participants, with 9545 CVD deaths. We found no statistically significant associations between any of the elemental constituents in PM2.5 or PM10 and CVD mortality in the pooled analysis. Most of the hazard ratios (HRs) were close to unity, e.g. for PM10 Fe the combined HR was 0.96 (0.84–1.09). Elevated combined HRs were found for PM2.5 Si (1.17, 95% CI: 0.93–1.47), and S in PM2.5 (1.08, 95% CI: 0.95–1.22) and PM10 (1.09, 95% CI: 0.90–1.32). Conclusion In a joint analysis of 19 European cohorts, we found no statistically significant association between long-term exposure to 8 elemental constituents of particles and total cardiovascular mortality.…