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On 13 October 2017, the European Space Agency (ESA) successfully launched the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite with the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) as its single payload. TROPOMI is the first of ESA's atmospheric composition Sentinel missions, which will provide complete long-term records of atmospheric trace gases for the coming 30 years as a contribution to the European Union's Earth Observing program Copernicus. One of TROPOMI's primary products is atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO). It is observed with daily global coverage and a high spatial resolution of 7×7 km2. The moderate atmospheric resistance time and the low background concentration leads to localized pollution hotspots of CO and allows the tracking of the atmospheric transport of pollution on regional to global scales. In this contribution, we demonstrate the groundbreaking performance of the TROPOMI CO product, sensing CO enhancements above cities and industrial areas and tracking, with daily coverage, the atmospheric transport of pollution from biomass burning regions. The CO data product is validated with two months of Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FTS) measurements at nine ground-based stations operated by the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). We found a good agreement between both datasets with a mean bias of 6 ppb (average of individual station biases) for both clear-sky and cloudy TROPOMI CO retrievals. Together with the corresponding standard deviation of the individual station biases of 3.8 ppb for clear-sky and 4.0 ppb for cloudy sky, it indicates that the CO data product is already well within the mission requirement.
Background
Practice-based research networks (PBRNs) have been implemented to support clinical research in German general practice since 2020. General practitioners (GPs) are often critical concerning the feasibility of clinical trials. Among others, high workload, lack of resources in GP teams and little acceptance of the trial requirements by the patients are assumed barriers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the perspectives of the GP teams and their patients on the set up of BayFoNet during the implementation of the two pilot cluster-randomized trials to improve this collaboration on a sustainable basis.
Methods
GPs and medical assistants (MAs) were interviewed using semi-structured interviews based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Implementation research and verbatim transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Patient attitudes were evaluated quantitatively with questionnaires based on the theoretical domains framework using descriptive statistics.
Results
A total of 15 GPs and 15 MAs were interviewed, and 109 complete patient questionnaires were returned. Main facilitators for GPs’ active participation in clinical research were networking as well as active participation of GP teams at different levels of the research process. Increased awareness concerning PBRNs might promote a lively network. From the GPs’ perspective, lack of motivation among MAs and patients was a perceived barrier to support clinical research in general practice.
MAs emphasized their own increase in knowledge and competence as well as the importance of clinical research for improved patient care. In contrast to the GPs, most MAs were not aware of BayFoNet as a network structure. The surveyed patients rated their own capabilities and opportunities to actively participate in the pilot studies as very good. Prior to the implementations of the interventions, some patients experienced some difficulty in defining clear goals for their own participation.
Discussion
Increased awareness concerning PBRNs might promote a lively network. Target-group specific dissemination strategies as well as opportunities for GP teams and their patients to participate in clinical research should be elaborated. This might increase the feasibility of clinical trials and the motivation of all participants to conduct clinical trials in general practice.
Trial registration
Pilot cluster-randomized trial 1 (MicUTI) was prospectively registered on December 19, 2022 at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05667207); Pilot cluster-randomized trial 2 (IMONEDA) was prospectively registered on April 22, 2022 at www.bfarm.de (DRKS00028805).
