Open Access

Friedrich Pukelsheim

• Convergence of the Iterative Proportional Fitting procedure is analyzed. The input comprises a nonnegative weight matrix, and positive target marginals for rows and columns. The output sought is what is called the biproportional fit, a scaling of the input weight matrix through row and column divisors so as to equate row and column sums to target marginals. The procedure alternates between the fitting of rows, and the fitting of columns. We monitor progress with an L1-error function measuring the distance between current row and column sums and target row and column marginals. The procedure converges to the biproportional fit if and only if the L1-error tends zero. In case of non-convergence the procedure appears to oscillate between two accumulation points. The oscillation result is contingent on the conjecture that the even-step subsequence of the procedure is always convergent. The conjecture is established in the specific setting when the even-step subsequence has a connectedConvergence of the Iterative Proportional Fitting procedure is analyzed. The input comprises a nonnegative weight matrix, and positive target marginals for rows and columns. The output sought is what is called the biproportional fit, a scaling of the input weight matrix through row and column divisors so as to equate row and column sums to target marginals. The procedure alternates between the fitting of rows, and the fitting of columns. We monitor progress with an L1-error function measuring the distance between current row and column sums and target row and column marginals. The procedure converges to the biproportional fit if and only if the L1-error tends zero. In case of non-convergence the procedure appears to oscillate between two accumulation points. The oscillation result is contingent on the conjecture that the even-step subsequence of the procedure is always convergent. The conjecture is established in the specific setting when the even-step subsequence has a connected accumulation point, but remains open in general.…