Open Access

Christina C. Bartenschlager, Milena Grieger, Johanna Erber, Tobias Neidel, Stefan Borgmann, Jörg J. Vehreschild, Markus Steinbrecher, Siegbert Rieg, Melanie Stecher, Christine Dhillon, Maria M. Ruethrich, Carolin E. M. Jakob, Martin Hower, Axel R. Heller, Maria Vehreschild, Christoph Wyen, Helmut Messmann, Christiane Piepel, Jens O. Brunner, Frank Hanses, Christoph Römmele, Christoph Spinner, Maria Madeleine Ruethrich, Julia Lanznaster, Christoph Römmele, Kai Wille, Lukas Tometten, Sebastian Dolff, Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon, Uta Merle, Katja Rothfuss, Nora Isberner, Norma Jung, Siri Göpel, Juergen vom Dahl, Christian Degenhardt, Richard Strauss, Beate Gruener, Lukas Eberwein, Kerstin Hellwig, Dominic Rauschning, Mark Neufang, Timm Westhoff, Claudia Raichle, Murat Akova, Bjoern-Erik Jensen, Joerg Schubert, Stephan Grunwald, Anette Friedrichs, Janina Trauth, Katja de With, Wolfgang Guggemos, Jan Kielstein, David Heigener, Philipp Markart, Robert Bals, Sven Stieglitz, Ingo Voigt, Jorg Taubel, Milena Milovanovic

• The Covid-19 pandemic has pushed many hospitals to their capacity limits. Therefore, a triage of patients has been discussed controversially primarily through an ethical perspective. The term triage contains many aspects such as urgency of treatment, severity of the disease and pre-existing conditions, access to critical care, or the classification of patients regarding subsequent clinical pathways starting from the emergency department. The determination of the pathways is important not only for patient care, but also for capacity planning in hospitals. We examine the performance of a human-made triage algorithm for clinical pathways which is considered a guideline for emergency departments in Germany based on a large multicenter dataset with over 4,000 European Covid-19 patients from the LEOSS registry. We find an accuracy of 28 percent and approximately 15 percent sensitivity for the ward class. The results serve as a benchmark for our extensions including an additional category ofThe Covid-19 pandemic has pushed many hospitals to their capacity limits. Therefore, a triage of patients has been discussed controversially primarily through an ethical perspective. The term triage contains many aspects such as urgency of treatment, severity of the disease and pre-existing conditions, access to critical care, or the classification of patients regarding subsequent clinical pathways starting from the emergency department. The determination of the pathways is important not only for patient care, but also for capacity planning in hospitals. We examine the performance of a human-made triage algorithm for clinical pathways which is considered a guideline for emergency departments in Germany based on a large multicenter dataset with over 4,000 European Covid-19 patients from the LEOSS registry. We find an accuracy of 28 percent and approximately 15 percent sensitivity for the ward class. The results serve as a benchmark for our extensions including an additional category of palliative care as a new label, analytics, AI, XAI, and interactive techniques. We find significant potential of analytics and AI in Covid-19 triage regarding accuracy, sensitivity, and other performance metrics whilst our interactive human-AI algorithm shows superior performance with approximately 73 percent accuracy and up to 76 percent sensitivity. The results are independent of the data preparation process regarding the imputation of missing values or grouping of comorbidities. In addition, we find that the consideration of an additional label palliative care does not improve the results.…